quality control

Manual coin minting

From antiquity, practically until the end of the 16th century, money was produced by manual minting, that is, using a striking technique in which each individual piece was created separately. The process required precise preparation, coordination among multiple people, and a high degree of craftsmanship. Minting took place through clearly defined phases.

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Replacement banknotes

Replacement banknotes represent a special and often insufficiently known segment of notaphily, which interestingly connects the technical process of money printing with collecting practice. Although at first glance they do not differ from regular specimens, their role in the monetary system and the way they are marked make them particularly interesting to researchers

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